With regards to cardiovascular disease, a study of men treated for testicular cancer with cisplatin, bleomycin, and etoposide BEP chemotherapy alone had a 5. In addition, advice on lifestyle modifications and regular cardiovascular risk factor assessment are required as part of survivorship programs to minimize cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in this population.
Their occurrence is assumed to be a direct effect of the chemo- and or radiotherapy treatment administered, although it remains unknown what factors confer susceptibility to second malignancy in individual patients.
Since the incidence and time of onset of these effects differ between patients, there may be a genetic predisposition to long-term toxicities or even the persistence of a pluripotent cancer stem cell. Testicular cancer, including tumors of germ-cell origin, remains a rare tumor type. Its incidence continues to increase in most Caucasian populations within the developed world, where it is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in young men. Well-developed health care systems in these countries now offer multidisciplinary approaches which achieve high cure rates.
This is demonstrated by an observable reduction in mortality for these patients. Current efforts focus on indi-vidualizing cancer care and minimizing late treatment effects, as well as the identification and modification of genetic and environmental risk factors for testicular cancer occurrence.
In order to accurately study the changes in incidence and outcomes of testicular cancer and all tumor types, availability of high quality cancer registry data is required. This study emphasizes that this is not currently available globally and remains to be achieved in some developing countries. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the funding bodies.
National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Clin Epidemiol v. Clin Epidemiol. Published online Oct Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.
Methods Age-standardized incidence rates and age-standardized mortality rates for testicular cancer were obtained for men of all ages in ten countries from the Americas, Asia, Europe, and Oceania using the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents CI5 plus and World Health Organization WHO mortality databases.
Results Testicular cancer age-standardized incidence rates are highest in New Zealand 7. Conclusion Testicular cancer is increasing in incidence in many countries; however, mortality rates remain low and most men are cured.
Keywords: testicular cancer, global, incidence, mortality. Materials and methods Literature review We used a computerized literature search database PubMed to identify full text and abstract studies publishing the global incidence and outcome of testicular cancer to date. Data collection Average annual incidence rates of testicular cancer International Classification of Diseases, Revision 10 [ICD] code C62 were selected from population-based registries for men of all ages, within the CI5 plus database.
Data analysis The annual testicular cancer incidence and mortality trends were investigated by calculating the annual percent changes in disease rates. Results Figure 1A shows the global annual age-standardized incidence rate from — where the developed countries analyzed demonstrated a greater annual increase in testicular cancer incidence compared to the developing countries studied — Open in a separate window.
Figure 1. Incidence The annual age-standardized incidence rates for testicular cancer in the Swedish population from — are shown in Figure 2A. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Mortality The annual age-standardized mortality rates for testicular cancer in the Swedish population from to are described in Figure 2A.
Discussion This study describes the recent global patterns of testicular cancer incidence and mortality. Incidence Our study demonstrates an increase in testicular cancer incidence was seen in almost all areas assessed; of note, developed countries demonstrated a greater annual increase in testicular cancer incidence compared to the developing countries studied — Conclusion Testicular cancer, including tumors of germ-cell origin, remains a rare tumor type.
Footnotes Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work. References 1. International patterns and trends in testis cancer incidence. Int J Cancer. International trends in the incidence of testicular cancer, — Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Testicular cancer incidence in eight northern European countries: secular and recent trends.
Testicular germ-cell cancer. Global trends in testicular cancer incidence and mortality. Eur Urol. Trends in incidence of testicular cancer in Norway — Eur J Cancer. Trends in testicular cancer incidence and mortality in 22 European countries: continuing increases in incidence and declines in mortality.
Permutation tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates. Stat Med. Subtype-specific risk of testicular tumors among immigrants and their descendants in Sweden, to Histology-specific risks in testicular cancer in immigrants to Sweden. Endocr Relat Cancer. Turnbull C, Rahman N. Genome-wide association studies provide new insights into the genetic basis of testicular germ-cell tumour. Int J Androl.
Familial testicular germ cell tumors in adults: summary of genetic risk factors and clinical phenotype. Steel factor controls primordial germ cell survival and motility from the time of their specification in the allantois, and provides a continuous niche throughout their migration. Epigenetic: a molecular link between testicular cancer and environmental exposures.
Front Endocrinol Lausanne ; 3 Mol Cell Endocrinol. Effect modification of endocrine disruptors and testicular germ cell tumour risk by hormone-metabolizing genes. Association of testicular germ cell tumor with polymorphisms in estrogen receptor and steroid metabolism genes.
Gene variations in sex hormone pathways and the risk of testicular germ cell tumour: a case-parent triad study in a Norwegian-Swedish population. Hum Reprod. Heterogenous effect of androgen receptor CAG tract length on testicular germ cell tumor risk: shorter repeats associated with seminoma but not other histologic types.
Comparative incidence patterns and trends of gonadal and extragonadal germ cell tumors in England, to Are oestrogens involved in falling sperm counts and disorders of the male reproductive tract? Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects. Environmental toxicology of testicular cancer. Urol Oncol. Adolescent and adult risk factors for testicular cancer.
Talk with your doctor if you have any questions about this information. Learn more about understanding statistics. The next section in this guide is Medical Illustrations. It offers drawings of body parts often affected by testicular cancer.
Use the menu to choose a different section to read in this guide. Testicular Cancer: Statistics Approved by the Cancer. Types of Cancer. Testicular Cancer Guide. Net Guide Testicular Cancer. Medical Illustrations. Risk Factors. Symptoms and Signs. Types of Treatment.
About Clinical Trials. Almost all men in England diagnosed with testicular cancer aged survive their disease for five years or more, compared with more than two-thirds of men diagnosed aged 80 and over Testicular cancer survival is improving and has increased in the last 40 years in the UK, probably because of combination chemotherapy.
In the s, around 7 in 10 men diagnosed with testicular cancer survived their disease beyond ten years, now it's around all men. Five-year relative survival for testicular cancer in men is above the European average in England but similar to the European average in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.
See more in-depth testicular cancer survival statistics. Testicular cancer risk. Testicular cancer is not clearly linked to any preventable risk factors.
No modifiable factors have been conclusively linked with testicular cancer risk, though many factors have been studied. The most well-established risk factor for testicular cancer is cryptorchidism.
Testicular cancer diagnosis. See more in-depth testicular cancer diagnosis statistics. Testicular cancer treatment. Testicular cancer publications.
Statistics by cancer type Statistics and information on cancer incidence, mortality, survival and risk factors causes by cancer type are presented here. Breast cancer Lung cancer Prostate cancer Bowel cancer Select a cancer type. Statistics for all cancers combined Incidence.
Screening and diagnosis. Local Cancer Statistics Local level cancer statistics; search profiles by area, constituency or health board in the UK.. Go to local cancer statistics.
0コメント