Loa loa causes migratory subcutaneous angioedema referred to as "calabar swellings" as the adult worm migrates throughout the body. The adult occasionally migrates across the surface of the eye, giving it the moniker "the African eye worm. Finally, M perstans and M ozzardi cause a relatively mild form of filariasis. Patients are often asymptomatic. When present, symptoms include fever, angioedema, headache, myalgias, arthralgias, pruritus, and neurologic manifestations.
The microfilariae of these filarial worms can be seen on conventional thick and thin blood films, which allows for their definitive identification.
However, microfilariae may be in low numbers and, therefore, use of concentration methods such as the Knott's technique improves the detection sensitivity. Some microfilariae are released into the blood at certain times of the day; W bancrofti and Brugia species are usually released between 10 p. It is therefore important to collect blood during these time periods for optimal detection sensitivity. Failure to provide this information may result in rejection or testing delay.
Filaria serology is a Referred Out Test. Results are reported to the ordering physician or health care provider as indicated on the requisition. Login or Register. Skip to Main Content. Health Topics. Laboratory Services. Save Share Print. Home Laboratory Services. Box , Yaounde, Cameroon. Raceline Gounoue-Kamkumo, Hugues C. Helen Keller International, P. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar.
Correspondence to Raceline Gounoue-Kamkumo. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. NA: non applicable; 0: negative; 1: positive. XLS 92 kb. Reprints and Permissions. Gounoue-Kamkumo, R. Loss of sensitivity of immunochromatographic test ICT for lymphatic filariasis diagnosis in low prevalence settings: consequence in the monitoring and evaluation procedures. BMC Infect Dis 15, Download citation. Received : 08 August Accepted : 10 December Published : 23 December Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Research article Open Access Published: 23 December Loss of sensitivity of immunochromatographic test ICT for lymphatic filariasis diagnosis in low prevalence settings: consequence in the monitoring and evaluation procedures Raceline Gounoue-Kamkumo 1 , 2 , Hugues C.
Abstract Background Diagnostic tools for lymphatic filariasis LF elimination programs are useful in mapping the distribution of the disease, delineating areas where mass drug administrations MDA are required, and determining when to stop MDA.
Methods To perform this study, calibrated thick blood smears, ICT and Og4C3 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA were carried out by night to identify Wuchereria bancrofti microfilarial and circulating filarial antigen carriers.
Conclusions These findings suggest a loss of sensitivity for ICT in low endemicity settings, especially in people exhibiting low levels of circulating filarial antigen, raising serious concern regarding the monitoring and evaluation procedures in the framework of LF elimination program.
Background Lymphatic filariasis LF , better known as elephantiasis, is a mosquito-borne parasitic disease caused by the nematode parasites Wuchereria bancrofti , Brugia malayi and Brugia timori. Methods Study design and patients The present survey was carried out in two steps following WHO recommendations, to i determine where active LF transmission was occurring, and ii provide metrics for further evaluation of the success of MDA [ 8 ].
Full size image. Discussion Diagnostic tools are useful for 1 mapping the distribution of LF to delineate areas where MDA are required, 2 assessing the impact of MDA to determine when they can be stopped after transmission has been interrupted, and 3 ensuring strong surveillance procedures post—MDA to monitor possible resurgence [ 8 , 12 ]. Limitations of the study and possible bias The present study was part of the Cameroon wide LF mapping exercise, following the WHO recommendations.
Conclusion The elimination of LF is now on top of agenda of control programs and stakeholders; our findings suggest that care should be taken when using ICT card test for monitoring and evaluation procedures, and development of highly sensitive tests are of interest. Data availability statement The dataset supporting the results of this article is included within the article and its additional file. References 1. Google Scholar 4. Google Scholar 5.
CAS Google Scholar 7. Article Google Scholar 8. Google Scholar 9. PubMed Article Google Scholar PubMed Google Scholar CAS Google Scholar Google Scholar Article Google Scholar Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the Kar-Hay, Kousseri, Pette and Yagoua health district population who willingly accept to participate in this study.
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