For a given phenomenon or process it is important to define its existence, or how it functions, across different scales, and whether an optimal scale or range of scales exists. However, we cannot assume that a provincial policy in Canada will necessarily impact a smaller space than a federal decision elsewhere. These internally structured scaled relationships result in a subset of the functional scale that could be termed internal functional scale. Each of these classifications has subdivided space based on human interactions physical, cognitive, and perceptual with spaces of difference size.
Relatively larger spaces require different mechanisms than smaller spaces. A good example would be the search for a hidden object. If that object is hidden on a desk, the individual performing the search would likely move objects around on the cluttered desk in order to reveal hidden objects.
So, a shared objective results in quite different behaviours in these two different sized spaces. We can extend this to political or policy environments; in Canada, provinces can only impact behaviours within their jurisdictions and with respect to topics covered by their mandate.
Within the biological sciences, particularly those branches interested in the complex interactions among species, there are also a variety of classifications of space based on the physical extent size of space.
Ecology, conservation biology, and environmental management are disciplines in which scale is a prevalent theme, and almost always refers to the physical size of the space and types of interactions that occur in such spaces.
Poiani et al. For each scale there are species, terrestrial, and aquatic targets, as well as some general expectations of what one might find at each scale. In addition, there are general references to the types of features that might be included in each spatial scale, including biotic and abiotic factors. There are many situations in which the relationship between scale and the terms to which it is appended do not have easily described relationships with changes in spatial extent.
Examples include the many environmental issues surrounding water and source water protection. Issues and policies surrounding water protection, as stated by organizations such as The Prairie Water Directive, can be trans-provincial and transnational in nature. This results in bodies like the Prairie Water Directive pressing governments to make policies that are appropriate not only for a specific province or municipality, but for multiple provinces and potentially multiple countries, as a lack of environmental policy in one area may, in fact, have substantial impacts on a neighbour whether those neighbours are communities, provinces, or countries.
These situations often arise when the term scale is used to differentiate between place-based differences in geographic phenomena. The spaces characterized by this type of scale generally do not have shared meaning, although geographers, and others, will often use scale to differentiate between different types of places, and the phenomena and processes unique to those places. For instance, certain problems that are endemic of built environments with high population densities are often described as occurring at the urban scale, or being urban scale issues.
Fractional or Ratio Scale: A fractional scale map shows the fraction of an object or land feature on the map. This type uses a set of numbers that represents the object or a landmark.
Linear Scale: A linear scale shows the distance between two or more prominent landmarks. The linear scale on maps is a set of lines or dots that represents a landmark. An example on the left photo is a map using a linear scale on each road. Verbal Scale: This type of scale use simple words to describe a prominent surface feature. A verbal map scale expands abbreviations to describe a landmark or an object.
An example is the image to the left describes a scale as cm is equal to 15 kilometers. Changed Scale: Maps presenting a large amount of distance such as cm are difficult to describe. A changed scale type acts as an alternative to a large ratio or a metric scale.
Geographic analysis: A scale provides a geographical analysis to a specific surface feature on the map. The analysis explains the significance of the land feature and the distance between landmarks. The geographical analysis confirms the land feature type as a mountain, building, or road. Accuracy: A scale presents an exact value of the object illustrated in the map. Accurate landmark information provides landmark facts and figure.
Examples are naming a street, building, mountain, or road. There are shapes that represent the distance, elevation, and the structure of a landmark. These are sharp-edged shapes that represent buildings and landmarks on the map. Each scale details the landmarks and geographical distance. Map readers are no longer required to conduct a research to understand landmark geography. As an example, the map illustrates the total distance of the white sand beach, which is 8 kilometers long.
In other sections, we will encounter two-dimensional plane coordinate systems, as well as the measurement scales used to specify attribute data. By convention, the proportion is expressed as a representative fraction in which map distance Dm is always reduced to 1. The representative fraction ,, for example, means that a section of road that measures 1 unit in length on a map stands for a section of road on the ground that is , units long.
If we were to change the scale of the map such that the length of the section of road on the map was reduced to, say, 0. Another way to express map scale is with a graphic or "bar" scale Figure 2. Unlike representative fractions, graphic scales remain true when maps are shrunk or magnified, thus they are especially useful on web maps where it is impossible to predict the size at which users will view them.
Most maps include a bar scale like the one shown above left. Some also express map scale as a representative fraction. The implication in either case is that scale is uniform across the map. However, except for maps that show only very small areas, scale varies across every map. The examples of how the detail of a coastline changes depending on the scale of the layer helps to illustrate as well the importance of carefully considering the scale of any data used for mapping and spatial analysis.
Small scale data inherently is less accurate and less detailed than large scale data. Using small scale data for large scale analysis can lead to gross errors. Data created for small scale purposes should not be used in large scale maps. Large scale data unless generalized, should not be used in small scale maps.
Cartographic Resources — Resources for learning more about cartography and cartographic techniques. What is GIS? Representing Scale on a Map All maps will have an indicator of the scale of the map. Bar scale showing graphically the ratio of map units to ground units. The top scale shows the comparable ground measurement in kilometers km and the bottom bar scale shows the comparable length in miles. Marina del Rey area on a small scale map. The harbor is not shown at all on the map.
Marina del Rey area on a county map of the state of California.
0コメント